Total Marks: 50
Time: 2 Hours
SECTION A – MCQs (1 mark × 10 = 10 marks)
(All questions are compulsory)
1. Which
of the following is a Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)?
a) Ranitidine
b) Omeprazole
c) Cimetidine
d) Sucralfate
2. Metformin
belongs to which class?
a) Sulfonylureas
b) Biguanides
c) DPP-4 inhibitors
d) Thiazolidinediones
3. Which
of the following is a β-lactamase inhibitor?
a) Ceftriaxone
b) Clavulanic acid
c) Amikacin
d) Piperacillin
4. Doxycycline
belongs to:
a) Aminoglycosides
b) Tetracyclines
c) Macrolides
d) Quinolones
5. Octreotide
is mainly used in:
a) Diarrhoea
b) Constipation
c) Emesis
d) Peptic ulcer
6. Which
is a uterine stimulant?
a) Salbutamol
b) Ergometrine
c) Nifedipine
d) Isoxsuprine
7. INH
acts by inhibiting:
a) Cell wall synthesis
b) Protein synthesis
c) Mycolic acid synthesis
d) DNA gyrase
8. Cyclosporine
acts by inhibiting:
a) mTOR
b) Calcineurin
c) COX-2
d) JAK pathway
9. Which
drug is an alkylating agent?
a) Vincristine
b) Cyclophosphamide
c) Methotrexate
d) Paclitaxel
10. Ondansetron
acts as:
a) H1 blocker
b) D2 blocker
c) 5-HT3 antagonist
d) NK1 antagonist
SECTION B – PBQ
(10 marks × 1 = 10 marks)
Q11. Problem-Based Question (PBQ)
A 55-year-old male patient presents with gastric
ulcer, chronic NSAID use, and H. pylori
infection confirmed by diagnostic tests. He also reports occasional
nausea and mild constipation.
Answer the following:
a) Recommend a complete H. pylori eradication regimen. (4
marks)
b) Explain the mechanism of action of PPIs used in this
regimen. (2 marks)
c) Suggest a suitable anti-emetic for nausea with its
mechanism. (2 marks)
d) Recommend a drug to manage constipation and classify it. (2 marks)
SECTION C –
5-Mark Questions (Attempt ANY FOUR) (5 × 4 = 20 marks)
12. Explain the
mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and drug
interactions of Omeprazole.
13. Describe
the mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of thyroid hormones and
antithyroid drugs (PTU & Carbimazole).
14. Classify Cephalosporins
and explain mechanism of action and uses of any four members.
15. Discuss Calcineurin
inhibitors: Cyclosporine
and Tacrolimus – mechanism, uses, adverse effects.
16. Write short
notes on:
a) HAART therapy
b) Antifungal drugs classification
SECTION D –
2-Mark Questions (Attempt ANY FIVE) (2 × 5 = 10 marks)
17. Classify antidiarrheal
drugs.
18. Write two
differences between sulfonylureas and biguanides.
19. Mention two
adverse effects of Aminoglycosides.
20. List any four
antileprotic drugs.
21. List two immunostimulants and two uses.
22. Write any two uterine relaxants with one use each.
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Answer Sheet – Pharmacology
SECTION A – MCQs (Answers) 1) b Omeprazole 2) b Biguanides 3) b Clavulanic acid 4) b Tetracyclines 5) a Diarrhoea 6) b Ergometrine 7) c Mycolic acid synthesis 8) b Calcineurin 9) b Cyclophosphamide 10) c 5-HT3 antagonist
SECTION B – PBQ (Sample Key Points)
a) H. pylori eradication regimen: Triple Therapy: PPI (Omeprazole) + Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin (14 days) Or Quadruple Therapy: PPI + Bismuth + Metronidazole + Tetracycline
b) Mechanism of PPIs (Omeprazole): Irreversibly inhibits H+/K+ ATPase in parietal cells → suppresses gastric acid secretion.
c) Suitable anti-emetic: Ondansetron – 5-HT3 antagonist → blocks serotonin receptors in CTZ and GIT. d) Constipation management: Lactulose – Osmotic laxative.
SECTION C – 5-MARK QUESTIONS
(Q12 updated: Omeprazole instead of Misoprostol) 12) Omeprazole – MOA, Uses, Adverse Effects, Drug Interactions: MOA: Irreversible inhibition of gastric proton pump. Uses: Peptic ulcer, GERD, Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, H. pylori regimen. ADR: Headache, diarrhea, B12 deficiency, fractures (long-term). Interactions: Reduces clopidogrel activation; interacts with warfarin, diazepam.
13) Thyroid hormones & Antithyroid drugs (PTU & Carbimazole): Thyroid hormones: increase basal metabolic rate, protein synthesis. PTU: inhibits peroxidase + peripheral T4→T3 conversion. • Carbimazole: inhibits peroxidase only. Uses: Hyperthyroidism; ADR: agranulocytosis.
14) Cephalosporins classification & explanation: 1st to 5th generations. MOA: inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. Uses: respiratory, urinary, skin infections. Example notes on Cephalexin, Cefuroxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefepime.
15) Calcineurin inhibitors – Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus: MOA: inhibit calcineurin → block IL-2 transcription → prevent T-cell activation. Uses: transplant rejection prophylaxis, autoimmune disorders. ADR: nephrotoxicity, hypertension, tremors.
16) Short notes: a) HAART: combination therapy using NRTIs + NNRTIs + Protease inhibitors. b) Antifungal classification: Polyenes, Azoles, Echinocandins, Allylamines.
SECTION D – 2-MARK QUESTIONS (Sample Key Points)
17) Antidiarrheal classification: absorbents, antimotility, antisecretory, probiotics, ORS.
18) Sulfonylureas vs Biguanides: SUs ↑ insulin secretion; Metformin ↓ gluconeogenesis.
19) ADRs of Aminoglycosides: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity.
20) Antileprotic drugs: Dapsone, Clofazimine, Rifampicin, Ofloxacin. 21) Immunostimulants: BCG, Interferons; uses: bladder cancer, viral infections. 22) Uterine relaxants: Nifedipine, Isoxsuprine; prevent preterm labor
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