Twenty-detailed
Problem-Based Questions (PBQs) strictly based on the Pharmacology-III
PBQ–1: Peptic Ulcer with H. pylori Infection
A
56-year-old male presents with epigastric pain, history of chronic NSAID use,
and H. pylori infection confirmed by urea breath test. He also complains of
nausea and constipation.
Answer
the following:
a) Explain the mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors used. (2 marks)
b) Suggest an appropriate anti-emetic with mechanism of action. (3 marks)
c) Recommend a suitable laxative and classify it. (2 marks)
d) Recommend a complete H. pylori eradication regimen. (3 marks)
PBQ–2: Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
A
42-year-old female complains of heartburn, regurgitation, and nocturnal chest
discomfort for 3 months. Endoscopy confirms GERD.
Answer
the following:
a) Classify drugs used in GERD management. (3 marks)
b) Recommend a suitable proton pump inhibitor with dose. (3 marks)
c) Explain the mechanism of action of H₂-receptor antagonists. (2 marks)
d) Mention two adverse effects of long-term PPI therapy. (2 marks)
PBQ–3: Chronic Constipation in Elderly
A
70-year-old bedridden patient suffers from chronic constipation and abdominal
discomfort. He has no intestinal obstruction.
Answer
the following:
a) Classify laxatives with examples. (4 marks)
b) Recommend the most suitable laxative for this patient with justification. (2
marks)
c) Explain the mechanism of action of osmotic purgatives. (2 marks)
d) Mention two adverse effects of stimulant laxatives. (2 marks)
PBQ–4: Acute Diarrhea in a Child
A
4-year-old child presents with acute watery diarrhea and signs of mild
dehydration.
Answer
the following:
a) Describe the role and composition of ORS. (4 marks)
b) Explain the role of zinc supplementation in diarrhea. (2 marks)
c) Recommend an appropriate anti-diarrheal drug and its mechanism. (2 marks)
d) Mention two drugs contraindicated in pediatric diarrhea. (2 marks)
PBQ–5: Motion Sickness
A
30-year-old woman experiences severe nausea and vomiting during travel.
Answer
the following:
a) Classify anti-emetic drugs. (4 marks)
b) Recommend the drug of choice for motion sickness with dose. (2 marks)
c) Explain the mechanism of action of H₁-antihistamines in vomiting. (2 marks)
d) Mention two adverse effects of anticholinergic anti-emetics. (2 marks)
PBQ–6: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
A 50-year-old
obese patient is newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Answer
the following:
a) Classify oral hypoglycemic drugs. (4 marks)
b) Recommend first-line drug therapy with justification. (2 marks)
c) Explain the mechanism of action of metformin. (2 marks)
d) Mention two adverse effects of sulfonylureas. (2 marks)
PBQ–7: Diabetic Patient with Renal Impairment
A
diabetic patient with reduced renal function requires glycemic control.
Answer
the following:
a) List oral antidiabetic drugs safe in renal impairment. (3 marks)
b) Explain the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors. (3 marks)
c) Mention two advantages of DPP-4 inhibitors. (2 marks)
d) Mention two adverse effects. (2 marks)
PBQ–8: Hyperthyroidism
A
35-year-old female presents with weight loss, tremors, heat intolerance, and
tachycardia.
Answer
the following:
a) Classify anti-thyroid drugs. (4 marks)
b) Explain the mechanism of action of carbimazole. (2 marks)
c) Mention two adverse effects of propylthiouracil. (2 marks)
d) State the therapeutic use of radioactive iodine. (2 marks)
PBQ–9: Hypothyroidism
A patient
presents with fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.
Answer
the following:
a) Name drugs used in hypothyroidism. (2 marks)
b) Explain the mechanism of action of levothyroxine. (4 marks)
c) Mention two adverse effects of excessive thyroid hormone therapy. (2 marks)
d) Mention two drug interactions of thyroid hormones. (2 marks)
PBQ–10: Acute Bacterial Infection
A
28-year-old male presents with high fever and signs of bacterial infection.
Answer
the following:
a) Explain the general principles of antimicrobial therapy. (4 marks)
b) Classify penicillins with examples. (3 marks)
c) Explain the mechanism of action of β-lactam antibiotics. (2 marks)
d) Mention one cause of antibiotic resistance. (1 mark)
PBQ–11: Penicillin Allergy
A patient
with history of penicillin allergy requires antibiotic therapy.
Answer
the following:
a) Describe the mechanism of penicillin hypersensitivity. (3 marks)
b) Suggest suitable alternative antibiotics. (3 marks)
c) Explain the mechanism of action of macrolides. (2 marks)
d) Mention two adverse effects of macrolides. (2 marks)
PBQ–12: Tuberculosis Patient
A
45-year-old male is diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Answer
the following:
a) Classify anti-tubercular drugs. (4 marks)
b) Explain the mechanism of action of isoniazid. (2 marks)
c) Mention two adverse effects of rifampicin. (2 marks)
d) Explain the concept of DOTS. (2 marks)
PBQ–13: Amoebic Dysentery
A patient
presents with bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps.
Answer
the following:
a) Classify anti-amoebic drugs. (4 marks)
b) Explain the mechanism of action of metronidazole. (2 marks)
c) Mention two adverse effects of metronidazole. (2 marks)
d) Suggest a luminal amoebicide. (2 marks)
PBQ–14: Fungal Infection
A patient
has dermatophytic fungal infection of skin.
Answer
the following:
a) Classify antifungal drugs. (4 marks)
b) Explain the mechanism of action of azoles. (2 marks)
c) Mention two adverse effects of amphotericin-B. (2 marks)
d) Recommend a topical antifungal agent. (2 marks)
PBQ–15: HIV Infection
A
32-year-old male is diagnosed with HIV infection.
Answer
the following:
a) Classify antiretroviral drugs. (4 marks)
b) Explain the mechanism of action of zidovudine. (2 marks)
c) Define HAART. (2 marks)
d) Mention two adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy. (2 marks)
PBQ–16: Organ Transplant Patient
A patient
has undergone renal transplantation.
Answer
the following:
a) Classify immunosuppressant drugs. (4 marks)
b) Explain the mechanism of action of cyclosporine. (2 marks)
c) Mention two adverse effects of corticosteroids. (2 marks)
d) Mention one antibody used in transplantation. (2 marks)
PBQ–17: Cancer Chemotherapy
A patient
is receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer.
Answer
the following:
a) Classify anticancer drugs. (4 marks)
b) Explain the mechanism of action of cyclophosphamide. (2 marks)
c) Mention two adverse effects of doxorubicin. (2 marks)
d) State one use of paclitaxel. (2 marks)
PBQ–18: Chemotherapy-Induced Vomiting
A cancer
patient experiences severe vomiting after chemotherapy.
Answer
the following:
a) Classify anti-emetic drugs used in chemotherapy. (4 marks)
b) Explain the mechanism of action of ondansetron. (2 marks)
c) Mention two advantages of 5-HT₃ antagonists. (2 marks)
d) Mention two adverse effects. (2 marks)
PBQ–19: Uterine Atony
A
postpartum female develops uterine atony with excessive bleeding.
Answer
the following:
a) Classify uterine stimulants. (4 marks)
b) Explain the mechanism of action of oxytocin. (2 marks)
c) Mention two adverse effects of ergometrine. (2 marks)
d) State the role of misoprostol. (2 marks)
PBQ–20: Preterm Labor
A
pregnant woman presents with signs of preterm labor.
Answer
the following:
a) Classify uterine relaxants. (4 marks)
b) Explain the mechanism of action of nifedipine. (2 marks)
c) Mention two adverse effects of β₂-agonists. (2 marks)
d) State one contraindication of tocolytic therapy. (2 marks)
END OF THE DOCUMENT
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