| Sr. No. | Study Model | Disease-Inducing Agent / Condition | Disease Action | Standard / Reference Medicine | Animal Species / Strain | Instrument / Equipment/Chemicals | Parameters (In-vivo, Ex-vivo & In-vitro) |
| 1 | Diabetes Induced Erectile Dysfunction (DIED) | Streptozotocin, Apomorphine 100 µl/kg | Diabetes blocks the action of Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS), Nitric Oxide (NO), and cGMP subsequently reducing the erectile activity of the penile cavernosum of penis | Tadalafil 20 mg | Rat, Sprague Dawley | Glucometer and Strips, Syringe filter (Soluble insulin Inj. I.P.) Human Actrapid (40 IU/ml) | % Body Weight change, Blood Glucose Level (BGL), OGTT, Count of Penile Erection, Serum: Insulin, Glucagon, eNOS, cGMP, Testosterone |
| 2 | Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | Letrozole 1mg/kg | Letrozole blocks the Aromatase enzyme that converts Testosterone to Estradiol | Metformin 500 mg / kg | Rat, Sprague Dawley | Micropipette, Glass Slides, Slide tray, Microscope (Carl Zeise) | Vaginal Smear Evaluation, Ovary and Uterus Weight, Serum: Luteinizing hormone (LH) , follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Testosterone, 17bEstradiol, Homocysteine, Total Cholesterol, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, c-reactive protein (CRP). Histological Evaluation of Ovary and Number of follicle Cysts. |
| 3 | UCMS –induced Depression | Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress (UCMS) | UCMS model for inducing behavioral symptoms commonly associated with clinical depression, such as anhedonia, altered grooming behavior, and learned helplessness in rodents. The UCMS also induces physiological and neurological changes that are clinically associated with depression. | Escitalopram 10 mg / kg | Rat, Sprague Dawley | Observation Box for NFST, Tail Suspension Test Apparatus, Forced Swim Test Bucket. | % Body Weight Change, Sucrose Preference Test (SPT), Novelty Suppressed-Feeding Test (NFST), Latency to eat in NSFT Total distance travelled in NSFT, Forced Swim Test (FST), Tail Suspension Test. |
| 4 | TNBS induced Colitis/ Inflammatory bowel disease | 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid | TNBS is a hapten, it binds to tissue protein turns into an antigen and produces number of immunologic responses | Sulphasalazine 100 mg /kg | 1. Mice, C57/bl6, Balb/c 2. Rat, Sprague Dawley | Design for Intra rectal dosing Equipment. Catheter Tube, | Disease Activity Index (DAI) Index, Colon length, Colon Diameter, Colon weight Quantification of myeloperoxidase (MPO), iNOS, Measurement of cytokines in colon- IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ and TNF-α, Quantitative RT-PCR of colonic tight junction proteins- GADPH, ZO-1, Claudin-1, Occluding, Mucin-1, Mucin-2 |
| 5 | Pylorus Ligation Induced Peptic Ulcer | Pylorus Ligation | Pylorus ligation stimulates the gastric acid output by a long vago-vagal reflex in innervated animals and by an intramural reflex in chronically vagotomized animals. Nephrectomy reduced the acid response to pylorus ligation in vagally intact rats but enhanced it in vagotomized rats. | Pantoprazole-40 mg /kg; p.o.; q.d. (0.5 % Methyl Cellulose -MC) | Rat, Sprague Dawley | pH Meter, Burette, Beaker | Determination of pH, Free Acidity, Total Acidity, Ulcer Index, Ulcer Score, Ulcer Score Inhibition, Histopathology of Stomach |
| 6 | Phenylhydrazine induced Anaemia | Phenylhydrazine | Phenylhydrazine induces a reactive oxygen species formation, peroxidation of lipids and oxidative degradation of spectrin in the membrane skeleton of RBC. PHZ-induced haemolytic injury seems to be derived from oxidative alternations to red blood cell proteins. This compound can modulate immune reactions. | Elemental Iron 12 mg | Rat, Sprague Dawley | Hematology Analyzer | Hemoglobin, hematocrit Spleen, Liver |
| 7 | Scopolamine Induced Amnesia | Scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) | Scopolamine is a muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist that can cause learning and memory deficits by disrupting cholinergic neurotransmission | Piracetam (100 mg / Kg) | Mice, C57/bl6 | Morris Water Maze, Elevated Plus maze, Open field, Motion tracking Software (Any-Maze) | Transfer Latency, Closed Arm Entry, Time in Closed arm, Escape Latency, Cumulative Distance travelled, Swimming Speed, Time spend in target Quadrant, SOD and Catalase in brain cortex, AchE in hippocampus, |
| 8 | Diabetic Wound Healing | Alloxan 150 mg /kg, | Alloxan generates reactive oxygen species which forms dialuric acid. Subsequently autoxidation of dialuric acid generates superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide and, in a final iron-catalysed reaction step, hydroxyl radicals. These hydroxyl radicals are responsible for the death of the beta cells. | Nitrofurazone 0.2 % | New Zealand White Rabbit | Camera (Canon, Model no: EOS 1300D), 2.5% Lidocaine + 2.5 % Prilocain (Emla cream -Astrazeneca), Novoline R regular -100 insulin, 30G syringe for insulin, Water soluble cream base. | Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, Area Under Curve, Estimation of Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Superoxide Dismutase Estimation (SOD), Reduced Glutathione (GSH), Oxidized Glutathione (GSSG), Hydroxyproline. Measurement of mediators (COX-2, iNOS, Nrf-2, HO-2) cytokines (IL-1β, and TNF-α) and growth factors (VEGF and TGF-β) productions of wound through ELISA, Histopathology of wound tissue. |
| 9 | Wound Healing | Wound Created by Scalpel | Physical Method by using scalpel specified area wound is created after injecting Local anesthesia | Povidone Iodine ointment 5% w/w (Betadine Ointment 5% Manufactured by: Win-Medicare Pvt Ltd) | Rat, Albino Wistar | Camera (Canon, Model no: EOS 1300D), | Inflammatory Phase, Proliferative Phase, Epithelialization Period, Wound Area Contraction, Relative wound area %, Cytokines, Hydroxyproline, MPO, Histopathology of wound tissue |
| 10 | Thioacetamide Induced Liver Fibrosis | Thioacetamide (TAA) 150 mg/kg | TAA-induced liver fibrosis is established by lipid peroxide formation, cytotoxicity, and mitochondrial injury. Taken together, these events may lead to apoptosis, necrosis, formation of cholangiocarcinoma, and excessive accumulation of ECM proteins | Silymarin 100 mg / kg p.o. | Rat, Albino Wistar | Randox –Biochemistry Analyzer | Liver marker enzymes, SGOT, SGPT, ALP and Lipid Profile HDL, LDL, Triglyceride, Cholesterol, hydroxyproline and α-amylase, western-blot analysis (Fibronectin)FN, Smad3 and TGF-β1 expressions in liver tissues and cytokines level TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. |
| 11 | CCL4 Induced Hepatoprotective | Carbon Tetrachloride | Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) causes hepatotoxicity in animal models by initiating lipid peroxidation in liver pathogenesis also CCl4 induces oxidative damage, inflammation, fatty degeneration and fibrosis in the liver, CCl4 is a commonly used hepatotoxin in animal models of liver fibrosis. It is activated by CYP450 in the liver to form trichloromethyl and trichloromethyl peroxy radicals. | Silymarin 100 mg / kg p.o. | Rat, Albino Wistar | Randox –Biochemistry Analyzer | Liver marker enzymes, SGOT, SGPT, ALP and Lipid Profile HDL, LDL, Triglyceride, Cholesterol, hydroxyproline and α-amylase, western-blot analysis (Fibronectin)FN, Smad3 and TGF-β1 expressions in liver tissues and cytokines level TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. DPPH, Glutathion, Total thiol, Lipid Peroxidation, Catalase |
| 12 | TPA Induced Psoriasis | 2-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate (TPA) | TPA led to localized skin inflammation with increased epidermal thickness, infiltration of inflammatory-like cells, and augmented tissue interleukin-17F levels. | Dexamethasone - 0.2 mg (dissolved in acetone) | Mice (CD-1) | Digital Vernier caliper | Ear Thickness, Ear Biopsy weight, MPO activity in ear tissue |
| 13 | Rifampicin and Isoniazid induced hepatotoxicity | Rifampicin and Isoniazid | Unknown Mechanism of Action | Silymarin 100 mg / kg p.o. | Rat, Sprague Dawley | Randox –Biochemistry Analyzer | Liver Weight, Serum clinical chemistry parameters: Aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, high and low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase, Cytokines in the serum: TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, HMGB-1, IFN-γ, Liver Tissue: Total cholesterol and triglycerides, Oxidative and nitrosative stress parameters: SOD, CAT, GSH, MDA, MPO Total nitrite |
| 14 | Male Pattern Baldness | Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) | DHT is a derivative of Testosterone, due to hormonal changes or due aging DHT accumulates in the body. DTH interferes with the hair growth cycle, shrinking the hair follicles, shortening them in length, and making them fall out. | Minoxidil, Finasteride (it blocks the 5-alpha reductase enzyme that converts testosterone to Dihydrotestosterone), Minoxidil increases blood flow to the hair follicles by dilating the arteries, thereby stimulating the production of growth factors from dermal papilla cells and activating the dermal papilla beta-catenin pathway, resulting in the induction and prolongation of the anagen phase, and stimulating the telogen-to-anagen transition | C57/bl6 | Digital Vernier caliper, | Body weight: Twice a week. · Hair regrowth measurements after depilation. · Hair growth promotion · Hair parameters - Hair pull test, hair density, hair diameter & hair bulb-thickness · Follicle count in subcutis · Skin thickness · Weights of skin biopsy samples · Cytokines in the skin homogenates: IL-8 ·Histopathological Analysis of skin biopsy samples (H&E). |
| 15 | Cyclophosphamide Induced-Thrombocytopenia | Cyclophosphamide Injection 1 g | Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent that forms cross-linkages in DNA. These cross-linkages can damage or kill cells, including megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytes are the cells that produce platelets. When megakaryocytes are damaged or killed, they produce fewer platelets. This leads to thrombocytopenia, a condition in which the number of platelets in the blood is too low. | NO-Standard Drug | Rat, Sprague Dawley | Hematology -Analyser | Body weight: Twice a week,Complete blood count (On day 0 and days 3, 7, 11, and 15 post-cyclophosphamide injections), Blood serum for estimation of oxidative stress parameters.,Histopathological Analysis of femur and spleen (H&E),Cytological examination of bone marrow smear. |
| 16 | Folic Acid-Induced Acute Renal Failure | Folic Acid (250 mg/kg, IP) | Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for DNA synthesis and cell growth. In high doses, folic acid can cause oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Oxidative stress is a condition in which there is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body's ability to detoxify them. Mitochondrial damage is damage to the mitochondria, which are the power plants of the cell. When oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage occur in the kidneys, it can lead to acute renal failure. | Ibudilast | Rat, Albino Wistar | Biochemistry Analyzer, Metabolic Cage | Body weight: Twice a week, Kidney weights, Serum biochemistry parameters: Blood Urea Nitrogen, Creatinine, Sodium, and Potassium., Urinary biochemistry parameters: Creatinine and Urine Urea Nitrogen, N-acetyl-ß-D glucosaminidase, and Kidney Injury Marker-1., Gene expression analysis by Real-Time PCR: Nfr2, NQO-1, HO-1, IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-κB, iNOS., Histological analysis of kidneys (Hematoxylin & Eosin-stained). |
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