What are Bradford Hill's criteria for any chemical identification?

To guide consistent decision-making for chemical adverse effects or toxicity detection, the Hill guidelines are useful for facilitating the identification of causation. 

One such set of guidelines is called the Hill Criteria (Hill 1965): 

• Strength: refers to how strongly the chemical of concern is associated with the adverse effect or disease  ( e.g., large relative risks or mortality ratios, sudden shock incidence, high tumor incidence) 

• Consistency: a chemical exposure that is observed to occur concurrently with the manifestation of a given disease or adverse effect in a number of independent studies is considered to be consistently associated 

• Specificity: an adverse effect or disease is particularly associated with an exposure to a certain chemical and not with other types of exposure 

• Temporality: the adverse effect of the disease is observed after exposure to a chemical of concern 

• Dose-Response: the magnitude and frequency of the adverse effect or disease is heightened when the exposure is increased

 • Plausibility: indicates that a proposed mechanism for how a given stressor causes an observed adverse effect or disease is reasonable and biologically possible 

• Coherence: based on what is known, the chemical of concern causes a given adverse effect or disease; no conflicting data 

• Experimental Evidence: research in different models or types of experiments indicates that the chemical of concern can cause an observed adverse effect 

• Analogy: various model systems or structurally related chemicals cause the same effect

References: 

1. Risk, T. (2015). Toxicological Risk Assessment for Beginners. In Toxicological Risk Assessment for Beginners. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12751-4

2. Nowinski CJ, Bureau SC, Buckland ME, Curtis MA, Daneshvar DH, Faull RL, Grinberg LT, Hill-Yardin EL, Murray HC, Pearce AJ, Suter CM. Applying the Bradford Hill criteria for causation to repetitive head impacts and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Frontiers in Neurology. 2022 Jul 22;13:938163.

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