Basics of Pharmacology
Introduction to Pharmacology
- Topics Covered: Key pharmacology terms, drug nomenclature, nature and sources of drugs, routes of drug administration, and pharmacogenetics.
Definition of Pharmacology Terms
- Pharmacology: The study of drugs, their
effects on the body, and how they are processed.
- Drug: A substance used for
diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease.
- Pharmacodynamics: What the drug does to the
body (e.g., lowering blood pressure).
- Pharmacokinetics: What the body does to the
drug (e.g., absorption, distribution).
Story:
Imagine you're feeling unwell and take a headache tablet. Within minutes, the
pain reduces. Pharmacodynamics explains how the drug works to reduce pain,
while pharmacokinetics explains how the body absorbs and distributes the drug.
Drug Nomenclature
- Chemical Name: Describes the molecular
structure (e.g., N-acetyl-para-aminophenol).
- Generic Name: Standardized name (e.g.,
Paracetamol).
- Brand Name: Marketed name by a company
(e.g., Crocin, Calpol).
Example:
Aspirin:
- Chemical Name:
Acetylsalicylic Acid
- Generic Name: Aspirin
- Brand Names: Ecoasprin
Nature and Sources of Drugs
- Natural Sources: Plants (morphine from
poppy), animals (insulin from pancreas), minerals (magnesium sulfate).
- Synthetic Drugs: Chemically manufactured
(aspirin).
- Biotechnology: Genetic engineering
(insulin).
Example:
- Plant-derived: Digitalis from foxglove,
used for heart conditions.
- Synthetic: Paracetamol for fever and
pain.
- Biotechnological: Recombinant human insulin
for diabetes.
Story:
For centuries, healers relied on plants for medicines. The discovery of
digitalis revolutionized heart disease treatment, showing how nature inspired
modern pharmacology.
Routes of Drug Administration
- Oral (by mouth): Tablets, capsules.
- Parenteral (injection): Intravenous, intramuscular,
subcutaneous.
- Topical: Applied to skin
(ointments).
- Inhalation: Through lungs (inhalers for asthma).
Advantages and Disadvantages of Drug
Administration Routes
|
Route |
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
|
Oral |
Convenient,
non-invasive |
Slower
onset, affected by digestion |
|
Intravenous |
Rapid
effect, precise control |
Invasive,
requires skill |
|
Topical |
Local
effect, minimal systemic effects |
Limited
to skin applications |
|
Inhalation |
Quick
absorption in lungs |
Requires
proper technique |
Story:
A patient needing immediate relief during an asthma attack uses an inhaler
instead of a tablet, illustrating how routes affect drug action speed.
Pharmacogenetics
- Definition: Study of how genetic
differences influence drug response.
- Purpose: Personalized medicine to
improve efficacy and reduce side effects.
Example:
Patients with variations in the CYP2C19 gene metabolize clopidogrel (a blood
thinner) differently. This knowledge helps doctors prescribe the right dose.
Story:
Two patients with the same condition take the same drug but experience
different outcomes. Pharmacogenetics explains this mystery and ensures the
"right drug for the right patient."
- Pharmacology integrates biology, chemistry, and medicine to improve health.
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