Introduction to Hormonal Regulation
“The Symphony of Hormones”
Picture the body as an orchestra. The hypothalamus is the conductor, the pituitary is the lead violinist, and the thyroid and parathyroid glands are key instrumentalists managing tempo and pitch (metabolism & calcium levels).
Key Objective: Learn how these hormones and
drugs work in harmony (or conflict).
Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones, Parathormone,
Calcitonin, Vitamin D
Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones
“Command Center: Hypothalamus and
Pituitary”
- Hypothalamus ➝ CRH, TRH, GnRH, GHRH, Somatostatin
- Pituitary ➝ ACTH, TSH, LH/FSH, GH, Prolactin
Function:
- TSH: Stimulates thyroid to
produce T3/T4.
- ACTH: Adrenal cortisol release.
- ️ Mini-Story: Imagine the hypothalamus sending emails (hormones) to pituitary, which then broadcasts the message (secondary hormones) to peripheral glands.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) (“Bone Banker: The Role of PTH”)
Functions:
- ↑ Blood calcium by bone
resorption
- ↑ Renal Ca²⁺ reabsorption
- Activates vitamin D
(calcitriol)
Cartoon of PTH knocking on bones
saying “Give me calcium!”
Calcitonin (“The Peacekeeper”)
Functions:
- ↓ Blood calcium
- Inhibits osteoclasts
- Released from thyroid
C-cells
Therapeutic
Use: Paget’s
disease, hypercalcemia
Cartoon of calcitonin calming a
riot (osteoclasts).
Vitamin D (“The Sunshine Hormone”)
Pathway:
Sunlight ➝ Cholecalciferol (skin) ➝ Calcidiol (liver) ➝
Calcitriol (kidney) ➝ Enhances Ca²⁺ absorption
Uses: Rickets, osteoporosis, hypocalcemia
“Mr. D”
travels from the beach (skin) to the library (liver), then to a lab (kidney),
finally helping children build strong bones!
Thyroid Hormones
Thyroid Hormones – The Metabolic Spark (“T3 & T4: The Fire Starters”)
List of
Hormones:
- T4 (Thyroxine): prohormone
- T3 (Triiodothyronine):
active form
Functions:
- ↑ BMR
- ↑ protein synthesis
- CNS development
- Sympathetic stimulation
T3 and T4
as energetic twins lighting up the body's metabolic fire.
Anti-thyroid Drugs
Classification of Anti-Thyroid Drugs (“Cooling the Thyroid Furnace”)
Classification:
- Antithyroid drugs
(thioamides):
Propylthiouracil (PTU), Carbimazole
- Ionic inhibitors: Thiocyanates, Perchlorates,
Nitrates
- Hormone release inhibitors: Iodine, NaI, KI
- Destructive agents: Radioactive iodine (¹³¹I)
Toolbox
of a technician repairing an overheated furnace.
1. Thioamides – Propylthiouracil & Carbimazole
(“Taming
the Enzyme”)
Mechanism: Inhibit thyroid peroxidase,
blocking:
- Iodination of tyrosine
- Coupling of iodotyrosines
Propylthiouracil also inhibits peripheral
conversion of T4 to T3.
Uses: Hyperthyroidism, Grave’s disease
Adverse
Effects:
Agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity, rash
Interactions: Potentiates anticoagulants,
decreases efficacy of β-blockers
2. Ionic Inhibitors (“Sneaky Ions Block the Gate”)
Drugs: Thiocyanate, Perchlorate,
Nitrate
Mechanism: Block iodine uptake into thyroid
by inhibiting Na⁺/I⁻ symporter
Risk: Aplastic anemia, goiter
Cartoon
of ions clogging the thyroid's iodine pipeline.
3. Iodine and Iodides (NaI, KI) (“Too Much of a Good Thing”)
Wolff–Chaikoff effect: High iodine
levels transiently inhibit thyroid hormone release.
Uses: Thyroid storm, pre-op
preparation
Adverse
Effect: Iodism
(metallic taste, sore teeth/gums)
Iodine acting like a bouncer at a hormone
party – temporarily blocking entry.
4. Radioactive Iodine (¹³¹I, ¹²⁵I, ¹²³I) (“The Silent Assassin”)
Mechanism: Beta-emission destroys
overactive thyroid cells
Use: Definitive treatment for
hyperthyroidism, thyroid carcinoma
Contraindicated
in:
Pregnancy, breastfeeding
Stealth drone (¹³¹I) targeting
and disabling thyroid overgrowth.
Interactive Case Study
“Meet
Rina – A Case of Sweating, Anxiety, and Weight Loss”
Symptoms: Rina presents with tremor,
weight loss, sweating. Labs show ↑ T3/T4, ↓ TSH.
Question: What’s the diagnosis? Which drug
to start with? Risks?
END OF THE TOPIC
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