General Principle of Toxicology and Clinical Toxicology
- Define toxicology and explain the important terminologies used in toxicology. Discuss the history and major events that contributed to the development of modern toxicology.
- Describe the different types of toxicity and
types of poisons. Explain the factors influencing toxicity with suitable
examples.
- Explain the different routes of exposure to
toxic substances. Discuss how the route of exposure influences the absorption,
distribution, toxicity, and severity of poisoning.
- a)
Define toxicity and discuss the major factors influencing the toxic
response to a chemical. (b) Explain the major steps involved in the risk
assessment of a toxic substance.
- Discuss the toxicity classification systems of
the EPA and WHO. Explain the significance of toxicity categories in
toxicological risk assessment.
- Explain the mechanism of toxicity in detail.
Discuss how toxic agents produce cellular and organ damage, with suitable
examples.
- Describe the principles of risk assessment in
toxicology. Explain hazard identification, dose-response assessment,
exposure assessment, and risk characterization.
- Discuss risk perception and risk management in
toxicology. Explain the major factors influencing public perception of
toxicological risks and the steps involved in risk management.
- a) A
patient presents after suspected poisoning with altered consciousness,
hypotension and respiratory difficulty. Describe the systematic approach
to initial stabilization using ABC principles. b) Explain the management
of respiratory insufficiency, circulatory failure and CNS depression in a
poisoned patient.
- Explain the importance of vital signs in
clinical toxicology. Discuss the assessment and management of
abnormalities in body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and blood
pressure in poisoned patients.
- Describe the general management of an acutely
poisoned patient. Explain the ABC approach, management of respiratory
insufficiency, circulatory failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and CNS
depression.
- Discuss the clinical evaluation and management
of acid-base disorders, hypothermia, hyperthermia, convulsions, agitation,
movement disorders, and electrolyte disturbances associated with poisoning.
- Explain the various methods of decontamination
in poisoning. Discuss decontamination of the eye, skin, and
gastrointestinal tract, including emesis, gastric lavage, catharsis,
activated charcoal, and whole bowel irrigation.
- Discuss the role of antidotes in the management
of poisoning. Explain the mechanism of action and clinical use of
antidotes, along with elimination techniques such as forced elimination
and extracorporeal methods. Also describe the importance of nursing,
psychosocial, and psychiatric care in poisoned patients.
- a)
Discuss the major methods of gastrointestinal decontamination, including
activated charcoal, gastric lavage, catharsis and whole bowel irrigation. b)
Explain the role, mechanism and clinical importance of antidotes in the
management of poisoning, with suitable examples. Mention the importance of
gastric lavage in lung toxic chemicals.
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