2.0 RESPONSIBILITY: It is the responsibility of the Study Director/Principal Investigator, Animal House In-charge, Veterinarian, and Animal House Personals.
3.0 PROCEDURE:
3.1 FOR ORAL DOSING:
3.1.1 The maximum volume that can be administered to the animal was calculated. Oral dosing volumes should not exceed 10 ml/kg.
3.1.2 Prior to performing the oral dosing, the distance from the oral cavity to the end of the xiphoid process (caudal point of the sternum) with the feeding needle on the outside of the restrained animal was measured.
3.1.3 With the feeding needle attached to the filled syringe, slide the end of the feeding needle along the root of the animal’s oral cavity towards the animal’s left side. The feeding needle should slide down the esophagus with gravity alone. There should be no resistance when passing the feeding needle. The animal may gag when the needle is passed; this is normal. If there is any resistance or if the animal struggles excessively remove the feeding needle, ensure you have good restraint on the animal and attempt to pass the needle again.
3.1.4 The needle should not be forced down the esophagus, this may cause tears to the esophagus, injury to the animal, or you may inadvertently force the needle down the trachea.
3.1.5 Once the feeding needle is in to the pre-measured distance, the solution is injected slowly to minimize the fluid coming back the esophagus. There should be no resistance while injecting-the needle will be in the distal esophagus, not the stomach.
3.1.6 The feeding needle is removed in the opposite direction from insertion and the animal is returned to its cage.
3.1.7 The animal is monitored for potential complications.
3.2 FOR DERMAL APPLICATION:
3.2.1 On the day prior to dosing, the hair on the back of the animals was clipped using small animal electric clippers. Care must be taken at this stage to exclude any animals from the test group who have any skin abrasions or defects.
3.2.2 The animal was held by an assistant. With the help of thumb and fore-finger the animal was held in the shoulder region and the other thumb and fore-finger held the animal in the rump region. The limbs of the animal are therefore lightly restrained.
3.2.3 The animal was raised gently off the bench.
3.2.4 The dose should be applied evenly over the prepared area using a syringe as an applicator.
3.2.5 Following dose application the animal was held still while the dorsal area was held under the air stream of a cool air-drier for 5 minutes.
3.2.6 The aluminum foil square was placed over the dosed area and the sleek dressing strip bound around the abdomen of the animal, holding the aluminum foil in place over the dosed area.
3.2.7 Maximum volume should be applied 0.5 ml or 0.5 gm.
3.3 INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION:
3.3.1 The point of entry for the needle is located first.
3.3.2 An imaginary line across the abdomen is drawn just above the knees.
3.3.3 The needle should be inserted along this line on the animal’s right side and close to the midline. In female the point of entry is cranial to and slightly medial of the last nipple.
3.3.4 Inserting the needle on the mouse’s right side avoids the cecum, which is a large fluid-filled organ on the left side of the abdomen. The small intestine on right side is less likely to be punctured by the needle.
3.3.5 To apply an IP injection; the mouse/rat must be well restrained so that it cannot move during the procedure. This avoids traumatization of the organ once the needle has entered the abdomen.
3.3.6 The mouse/rat are restrained and tilted so that the head is facing downward and its abdomen is exposed.
3.3.7 The needle is inserted into the abdomen at 30° about angle after disinfecting injection site.
3.3.8 The shaft of the needle should enter a path of about half a centimeter.
3.3.9 The animal is aspirated to be sure that the needle has not penetrated a blood vessel, intestine or urinary bladder.
3.3.10 Greenish brown aspirate indicate penetration into intestine.
3.3.11 Yellow aspirate indicate needle penetration into the bladder.
3.3.12 If no fluid is aspirated, you may inject.
3.3.13 The maximum volume should be administered 1.0-2.0 ml.
Note- if any fluid is aspirated, solution will be contaminated and must be discarded and the procedure repeated with a new syringe and needle.
3.4 SUBCUTANEOUS/INTRAMASCULAR INJECTION:
3.4.1 It is verified that the pH of a substance to be injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly has a pH of 7.3 to 7.45 and that the substance is isotonic (e.g. label
injected slowly if intraperitoneal or intravenous routes are used.
3.4.2 When possible, warm the solutions so that they are at or near body temperature (37°C) before injection.
3.4.3 Give injections at a constant flow rate. No resistance should be encountered during injection. Do not apply overt pressure on the syringe’s plunger. The injected substance should flow freely to prevent any unnecessary pain and tissue damage.
3.5 INTRAVENOUS INJECTION: (Tail Vein)
3.5.1 Restrain the mouse/rat with physical or chemical restraint.
3.5.2 Rotate the tail slightly to visualize vein.
3.5.3 Before making an injection in a tail vein, it is helpful to induce peripheral vasodilation and make the vein more prominent for cannulation.
3.5.4 Soak the tail in warm water temperature is 110°F or 43°C. Although warming an anesthetized mouse is beneficial, be careful not to cause burns or overheat the animal.
3.5.5 The tail veins are located on each side of the tail, superficially just under the skin. When the needle is correctly placed in the vein, you may or may not see a flash of blood in the needle hub.
3.5.6 Disinfect injection site and insert needle (30 gauge) into the vein at a slight angle.
3.5.7 Maximum volume should be administered 0.5-1.0 ml.
Note- You will not be able to aspirate, instead inject slowly and watch for clearing of the lumen. Incorrect positioning will result in a slight bulge in the tail. If this occurs, remove needle and repeat process proximal to previous site. Upon completion remove needle and apply pressure to injection site.
3.6 INTRADERMAL INJECTION:
3.6.1 The most suitable sites are the skin covering the back or the abdomen.
3.6.2 The hair should be removed from the site of injection with the help of electric clipper 24 hrs prior to injection.
3.6.3 Before application of injection the site must be cleaned and swabbed with disinfectant.
3.6.4 Maximum volume should be administered 0.2 ml.
4.0 PRECAUTIONS:
4.1 Do not inject into inflamed or damaged tissue unless medically indicated or scientifically justified.
4.2 Inject separate drugs/compounds at different sites to avoid cross reaction of chemicals.
4.3 Subcutaneous administration should be limited to no more than 3 sites per day unless medically indicated or scientifically justified.
5.0 REFERENCES:
5.1 In house
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