SHILAJIT
Shilajit has been used for thousands of years, in one form or another, under the indigenous systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. Shilajit is a blackish-brown exudation found in the serene surroundings of the Himalayas. It is also found in most of the sedimentary rocks, especially in Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan, USSR, Tibet as well in Norway, where they are gathered from steep rock faces at altitudes between 1000 and 5000 m. It is bitter in taste and its smell resembles a pungent cow’s stale urine (Ghosal, 1994; Ghosal et al., 1995e).
According to Charka Samhita:
Savrana (gold shilajit)
Red colored
Rajat (silver shilajit)
White
Tamra (copper shilajit)
Blue
Lauha (iron shilajit)
Brownish-black
(most effective according to the therapeutic point of view- Ghosal et al., 1995b, 1995c; Sharma, 1978; Chopra et al., 1958)
BIOACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
• Dibenzo-alpha pyrones, phospholipids, triterpenes, and phenolic acids of low molecular weight
• Fulvic acids - “carrier molecules”
• Humins and humic acids
• Trace elements (Fe, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Mo, P)
USES OF SHILAJIT IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
Treatment of genitourinary disorder
Jaundice
Gallstone
Digestive disorders
Enlarged spleen
Epilepsy
Nervous disorder
Chronic bronchitis
Anemia
Given along with milk to treat diabetes
Arrests the process of aging and produces rejuvenation (Ghosal, 1990).
Useful for treating kidney stones
Edema
Piles
Internal antiseptic
Adiposity, to reduce fat and anorexia
Prescribed along with guggul to treat fractures. It is believed that it goes to the joints and forms a callus quickly. The same combination is also used to treat osteoarthritis and spondylitis.
PRECLINICAL RESEARCH ON THE ACTIVITY OF SHILAJIT
Antiulcerogenic activity
Antiinflammatory activity
Antidiabetic activity
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Jaundice
Gallstone
Digestive disorders
Enlarged spleen
Epilepsy
Nervous disorder
Chronic bronchitis
Anemia
Given along with milk to treat diabetes
Arrests the process of aging and produces rejuvenation (Ghosal, 1990).
Useful for treating kidney stones
Edema
Piles
Internal antiseptic
Adiposity, to reduce fat and anorexia
Prescribed along with guggul to treat fractures. It is believed that it goes to the joints and forms a callus quickly. The same combination is also used to treat osteoarthritis and spondylitis.
PRECLINICAL RESEARCH ON THE ACTIVITY OF SHILAJIT
Antiulcerogenic activity
Studies were carried out on shilajit samples collected from different locations to evaluate their possible role as antiulcerogenic and antiinflammatory agents. It was found that shilajit increased the carbohydrate/protein ratio and decreased the gastric ulcer index, indicating an increased mucus barrier (Ghosal et al., 1988a).
Shilajit was also found to have potent antiinflammatory activity in all three models of acute, subacute, and chronic inflammation. Shilajit, at a dose of 50 mg/kg was also found to significantly reduce carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats, having an effect comparable to phenylbutazone (100 mg/kg, i.p.) and betamethasone (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) (Goel et al., 1990).
A formulation containing processed Shilajit along with Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, and Picrorrhiza kurroa was orally administered at the level of 50 and 100 mg/kg, to male rats once daily for 28 days along with streptozotocin (STZ, 45 mg/kg, s.c x 2days, an agent that induces diabetes). The formulation attenuated the hyperglycemic response of STZ in a dose-related manner, as observed by assessing the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of pancreatic islet cells on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Although the formulation did not reduce blood sugar levels as such, a dose-related decrease in STZ-induced hyperglycemia and attenuation of STZ-induced decrease in islet SOD activity was observed. The authors concluded that the results indicate that the earlier reported anti-hyperglycaemic effect of the formulation may be due to the free radical scavenging activity of the ingredients in the pancreatic islet cells, The hyperglycaemic activity of STZ is believed to be due to a decrease in islet SOD activity leading to the accumulation of degenerative oxidative free radicals in islet beta-cell.
Goel RK, Banerjee RS, Acharya SB. Antiulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory studies with shilajit. J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Apr; 29(1):95-103.
Trivedi NA, Mazumdar B, Bhatt JD, Hemavathi KG. Effect of shilajit on blood glucose and lipid profile in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology (2004). Volume 36, Issue 6, Page 373-376
Nidhi Saxena, PHD, Upendra N. Dwivedi, PHD, Raj K. Singh, PHD, Arvind Kumar, MD, Chhavi Saxena, MSC, BAMS, Ram C. Saxena, MD and Mona Saxena, PHD. Modulation of Oxidative and Antioxidative Status in Diabetes by Asphaltum Panjabinum. Diabetes Care, 2003, 26:2469-2470.
Bhattacharya SK, Satyan KS, Chakrabarti A. Effect of Trasina, an Ayurvedic herbal formulation, on pancreatic islet superoxide dismutase activity in hyperglycemic rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1997 Mar; 35(3):297-9.
Salil K. Bhattacharya. Shilajit attenuates streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus and decreases in pancreatic islet superoxide dismutase activity in rats. Phytotherapy Research. Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages 41 – 4
N. Kanikkannan, P. Ramarao, S. Ghosal. Shilajit-induced potentiation of the hypoglycemic action of insulin and inhibition of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Phytotherapy Research (Nov 1995), Volume 9, Issue 7 , Pages 478 – 481
Studies were done on the effects of shilajit on the brain
Schliebs R, Liebmann A, Bhattacharya SK, Kumar A, Ghosal S, Bigl V. Systemic administration of defined extracts from Withania somnifera (Indian Ginseng) and Shilajit differentially affects cholinergic but not glutamatergic and GABAergic markers in rat brain. Neurochem Int. 1997 Feb; 30(2):181-90.
Bhattacharya SK, Kumar A. Effect of Trasina, an ayurvedic herbal formulation, on experimental models of Alzheimer's disease and central cholinergic markers in rats. J Altern Complement Med. 1997 Winter; 3(4):327-36.
S. K. Bhattacharya, S. Ghosal. Effect of Shilajit on rat brain monoamines. Phytotherapy Research (Jun 1992), Volume 6, Issue 3, Pages 163 – 164
Studies done on the effects of shilajit on learning and memory
S. Ghosal, J. Lal, A. K. Jaiswal, S. K. Bhattacharya. Effects of shilajit and its active constituents on learning and memory in rats. Phytotherapy Research (Feb 1993), Volume 7, Issue 1 , Pages 29 – 34
Studies done on the effects of shilajit on other drugs
Park JS, Kim GY, Han K. The spermatogenic and ovogenic effects of chronically administered Shilajit to rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Oct 11; 107(3):349-53.
Studies were done on the adaptogenic effects of shilajit
1. P Tiwari, P Ramarao, S Ghosal. Effects of Shilajit on the development of tolerance to morphine in mice. Phytotherapy Research (Mar 2001), Volume 15, Issue 2, Pages 177 – 179
2. Shahjahan M, Islam I. Preliminary evaluation of shilajit as a suspending agent in antacid suspensions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1998 Nov; 24(11):1109-12
3. Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Chakrabarti A. Adaptogenic activity of Siotone, a polyherbal formulation of Ayurvedic rasayanas. Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 Feb; 38(2):119-28.
Studies done on the effects of shilajit on exercise performance
Bucci LR. Selected herbals and human exercise performance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Aug; 72(2 Suppl):624S-36S
Studies done on the effects of shilajit on peptic ulcer
Goel RK, Banerjee RS, Acharya SB. Antiulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory studies with shilajit. J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Apr; 29(1):95-103.
Shibnath Ghosal, Sushil K. Singh, Yatendra Kumar, Radheyshyam Srivastava, Raj K. Goel, Radharaman Dey, Salil K. Bhattacharya. Anti-ulcerogenic activity of fulvic acids andmethoxy-6-carbomethoxybiphenyl isolated from shilajit. Phytotherapy Research (Dec 1998), Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 187 – 191
Shahjahan M, Islam I. Preliminary evaluation of shilajit as a suspending agent in antacid suspensions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1998 Nov; 24(11):1109-12
Studies on the functional and morphometric changes induced by Shilajit
Shibnath Ghosal, Sraboni Baumik, Sukumar Chattopadhyay. Shilajit induced morphometric and functional changes in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Phytotherapy Research (May 1995), Volume 9, Issue 3, Pages 194 – 198
Studies were done on the effects of Mumie (Russian shilajit) on bone formation
1. Sraboni Bhaumik, Sukumar Chattopadhyay, Shibnath Ghosal. Effect of Shilajit on Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages. Phytotherapy Research (Dec 1993), Volume 7, Issue 6, Pages 425 – 427
2. Cho-Rok Jung, Igor A. Schepetkin, Sang B. Woo, Andrei I. Khlebnikov, Byoung S. Kwon. Osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by mumie extract. Drug Development Research (Nov 2002). Volume 57, Issue 3, Pages 122 – 133.
Studies done on the effects of Mumie (Russian shilajit) on the immune system
Schepetkin IA, Khlebnikov AI, Ah SY, Woo SB, Jeong CS, Klubachuk ON, Kwon BS. Characterization and biological activities of humic substances from mumie. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Aug 27; 51(18):5245-54.
In vitro evaluation of the antiviral properties of Shilajit and investigation of its mechanisms of action(Cagno V1, Donalisio M1, Civra A1, Cagliero C2, Rubiolo P2, Lembo D3)
J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 May 26;166:129-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.019. Epub 2015 Mar 16.
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