1.0 OBJECTIVE: To design a Standard Operating Procedure that describes the procedure for
observation of the clinical signs in the Laboratory Animals.
2.0 RESPONSIBILITY:
It is the
responsibility of Veterinarian, Animal House In-charge and Animals Care
Personals.
3.0
PURPOSE & SCOPE:
3.1
To
outline the method of observation and recording of various clinical
signs/symptoms in the test system.
3.2
It is
used while recording daily observation and veterinary/physical examination of
laboratory animals.
3.3
Observation
of animals comprises a visual check on the condition of each animal in the
animal house.
3.4
Each
animal on experiment must be observed on a minimum two occasions per day for
mortality and morbidity.
3.5
In
addition, during experiment involving active dosing, all animals must be
observed immediately after some time dosing. If severe clinical signs are
observed in the animals, more frequent monitoring may be required.
3.6
Observation
procedure:
3.6.1
Ascertain
from the study schedule and/or protocol, the time of observation and whether
anything in particular should be investigated.
3.6.2
Within
an animal room observation must be made systematically completing the
examination of one cage at a time. If necessary slide each cage forward on the
rack sufficiently far too allowed visual inspection of the animals. Assess
carefully the state of being of each animal.
3.6.3 If
there is any doubt about the condition of an animal remove it from the cage and
place it upon a flat, smooth surface free from obstruction. Further
observe the animal for any lesion or abnormality in
appearance, behavior or fur.
3.6.4
If
animal is found in extremis prior to next observation period the study director
must be consulted to decide whether animal should be painlessly killed (euthanasia/moribund
sacrifice).
3.6.5
Any
clinical sign observed must be recorded in standard format and/or in daily
observation record sheet. The clinical symptoms should be recorded directly as
listed or using a code specified in the table.
3.7
Assessing
clinical signs:
3.7.1
To
assess the possibility of clinical signs, assign value to various observations
of animal condition and behavior. Based on observations, a score is assigned to
each variable 0- Normal, 1- Mild, 2- Moderate and 3- Severe.
|
VARIABLE |
|
|
BODY
WEIGHT CHANGE |
|
|
0 |
Normal |
|
1 |
<10 percent weight loss |
|
2 |
10-15 percent weight loss |
|
3 |
>20 percent weight loss |
|
PHYSICAL
APPEARANCE |
|
|
0 |
Normal |
|
1 |
Lack of grooming |
|
2 |
Rough coat, nasal/ocular discharge |
|
3 |
Very rough coat, abnormal posture, enlarged
pupils |
|
MEASURABLE
CLINICAL SIGNS |
|
|
0 |
Normal |
|
1 |
Small changes of potential significant |
|
2 |
Temperature change of 1-2 °C, cardiac and
respiratory rates increased upto 30 percent |
|
3 |
Temperature change of >2 °C, cardiac and
respiratory rats increased upto 50 percent, or markedly reduced |
|
UNPROVOKED
BEHAVIOR |
|
|
0 |
Normal |
|
1 |
Minor changes |
|
2 |
Abnormal, reduced mobility, decreased
alertness, inactive |
|
3 |
Unsolicited vocalizations, self-mutilation,
either very restless or immobile. |
|
BEHAVIOR
RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL STIMULI |
|
|
0 |
Normal |
|
1 |
Minor depression/exaggeration of response |
|
2 |
Moderately abnormal responses |
|
3 |
Violent reaction, or comatose |
|
Clinical sign/Symptom code |
Clinical sign/Symptom |
Clinical sign/Symptom code |
Clinical sign/Symptom |
|
1 |
Normal |
21 |
Orchitis |
|
2 |
Found Dead |
22 |
Abscess |
|
3 |
Moribund state |
23 |
Abrasion |
|
4 |
Cannibalism |
24 |
Fissuring |
|
5 |
Emaciation |
25 |
Pruritis |
|
6 |
Obesity |
26 |
Ulcer |
|
7 |
Hyperactivity |
27 |
Sloughing |
|
8 |
Aggression |
28 |
Swelling |
|
9 |
Lethargy |
29 |
Ascites |
|
10 |
Catalepsy |
30 |
Iritis |
|
11 |
Abnormal gait |
31 |
Dysentery |
|
12 |
Ataxia |
32 |
Constipation |
|
13 |
Retropulsion |
33 |
Vocalization |
|
14 |
Microphthalmos |
34 |
Edema |
|
15 |
Anophthalmos |
35 |
Erythema |
|
16 |
Hyperesthesia |
36 |
Erythematic eruption |
|
17 |
Hypoaesthesia |
37 |
Alopecia |
|
18 |
Tachycardia |
38 |
Sweating |
|
19 |
Bradycardia |
39 |
Salivation |
|
20 |
Emesis (Vomiting) |
40 |
Tachypnoea |
|
41 |
Wry neck (Torticolis) |
71 |
Nasal discharge |
|
42 |
Dermatitis |
72 |
Snuffle |
|
43 |
Vesicle |
73 |
Lacrimation |
|
44 |
Papule |
74 |
Chromodacryorrhoea |
|
45 |
Scale |
75 |
Miosis |
|
46 |
Ring tail |
76 |
Mydriasis |
|
47 |
Mass formation |
77 |
Exophthalmos |
|
48 |
Tail erection (straub tail) |
78 |
Ptosis |
|
49 |
Abortion |
79 |
Cataract |
|
50 |
Epitaxis |
80 |
Corneal opacity |
|
51 |
Weakness |
81 |
Conjunctivitis |
|
52 |
Injury (wound) |
82 |
Chemosis |
|
53 |
Spastic locomotion |
83 |
Diarrhea |
|
54 |
Hopping gait |
84 |
Prolapse |
|
55 |
Rolling gait |
85 |
Polyurea |
|
56 |
Waddling gait |
86 |
Piloerection |
|
57 |
Prostration |
87 |
Anuria |
|
58 |
Tremors |
88 |
Dysurea |
|
59 |
Fasciculation |
89 |
Pyurea |
|
60 |
Clonic convulsion |
90 |
Incontinence |
|
61 |
Tonic-Clonic convulsion |
91 |
Writhing |
|
62 |
Convulsion (Seizures) |
92 |
Weight loss |
|
63 |
Opisthotonos |
93 |
Anorexia |
|
64 |
Paralysis |
94 |
Hyperthermia |
|
65 |
Spastic paralysis |
95 |
Hypothermia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
66 |
Flaccid paralysis |
96 |
Haematuria |
|
67 |
Abdominal breathing |
97 |
Haemorrhage |
|
68 |
Dyspnoea |
98 |
|
|
69 |
Gasping |
|
|
|
70 |
Cyanosis |
|
|
4.0 DEFINITIONS:
4.1 Normal- Healthy, normal physical and mental condition,
free from disease.
4.2 Found
Dead- The cessation of all
vital function in a living organism.
4.3 Moribund
State- A diagnosis and decision
point based on appropriate clinical judgment, taking into account the severity
of condition, the amount of pain and distress, the prognosis and the potential
loss of valuable data at which time the animal is dammed to be dying with
quality of life already significantly impaired and humane killing becomes
unavoidable at this point.
4.4 Cannibalism- The practice of eating the flesh of its own
species.
4.5 Emaciation- The state of extreme leanness /loss of the
subcutaneous fat.
4.6 Obesity- Condition characterized by excessive movement/activity.
4.7 Hyperactivity- General restless or destructive behavior.
4.8 Aggression- Hostile, injurious or destructive behavior.
4.9 Lethargy- A state of excessive fatigue/sluggishness.
4.10
Catalepsy- Animal tends to remain in any position it is
placed in.
4.11
Abnormal gait- The abnormal appearance of animal while it is moving.
4.12
Ataxia- Inability to control and coordinate movement while animal
is walking.
4.13 Retropulsion- Persistent backward locomotion or forceful, sudden
backward movement.
4.14
Microphthalmos- Abnormally small eye ball.
4.15
Anophthalmos- Complete absence of eyes.
4.16
Hyper aesthesia- Increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli such as pain or
touch.
4.17
Hypoaesthesia- Decreased sensitivity to sensory stimuli particularly
touch.
4.18
Tachycardia- An abnormally rapid heart rate.
4.19
Bradycardia- An abnormally slow heart rate.
4.20
Orchitis- Inflammation of the testicles.
4.21
Abscess- Localized collection of pus in any part of the body.
4.22
Abrasion- Wound in which the superficial layer of skin (epidermis)
is removed.
4.23
Fissuring- It is characterized by a crack or cleft in the skin.
4.24
Pruritis- Localized or generalized itching due to irritation of
sensory nerve ending.
4.25
Ulcer- It is a wound, which does not tend to heal.
4.26
Sloughing- Layer or mass of dead tissue separated from surrounding
living tissue.
4.27 Swelling- An abnormal enlargement of a part of the body. Swelling
can be due to an abscess, haematoma, inflammation, tumor etc.
4.28
Ascites-An accumulation of watery fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
4.29
Iritis- Inflammation of iris manifested by vascular congestion.
4.30
Dysentery- Frequent watery stools with blood and mucus.
4.31
Constipation- Difficult or infrequent passage of faeces.
4.32
Vocalization-Spontaneous/unprovoked sound produced by animal due to
pain/distress.
4.33
Edema- Abnormal accumulation of fluid in a tissue or cavity.
4.34
Erythema-Abnormal redness of the skin.
4.35
Erythemia eruption- Abnormal redness along with cutaneous elevation of the
skin.
4.36
Alopecia- Absence or loss of hair form skin areas where it is
normally found.
4.37
Sweating- Excessive secretion of sweat gland.
4.38
Salivation- Excessive secretion of salivary gland.
4.39
Emesis (Vomiting)- Expulsive of the content of the stomach through the mouth.
4.40
Wry Neck (Torticolis)- Twisting of neck with an unnatural position of
the head, circling when suspended upside down.
4.41
Dermatis- Inflammation of skin.
4.42 Vesicle- A circumscribed (confined) elevation of skin, less than
0.5cm in diameter containing clear fluid.
4.43
Papule- A small,
circumscribed, solid elevated lesion of the skin.
4.44
Scale- Excessive
accumulation of discarded keratinous debris over skin surface.
4.45 Ring tail- Annular constriction, subsequent edema, necrosis and
sloughing of tail observed generally in unweaned rats.
4.46
Mass formation- An abnormal mass of tissue that may cause swelling on the
body surface.
4.47
Tail erection (Straub tail)- The tail is stiff and held in a vertical
position for a prolong period.
4.48
Abortion- Expulsion of a dead fetus prior to the normal gestation
period.
4.49
Epitaxis- Bleeding from nose.
4.50
Weakness- Loss of physical strength or vigor.
4.51
Injury- The break in the continuity of the skin and soft tissue.
4.52
Spastic locomotion- The legs are stiff and advance slowly by dragging of
feet.
4.53 Hopping gait- To move with light bounding skips or leaps (Jumping)
4.54
Rolling gait- To move forward along a surface by revolving on an axis
or by repeatedly turning over.
4.55
Waddling gait- To walk with short steps that tilt the body from side to
side.
4.56
Prostration- Immobile and rest on belly.
4.57
Tremor- Continuous repetitive twitching (contraction) of skeletal
muscle which is usually visible and palpable. The movements are rhythmic and
oscillatory.
4.58
Fasciculation- Involuntary twitching/movement of muscles seen on back,
shoulder hind limb and digit of the paw.
4.59
Clonic convulsion- Convulsion marked by muscular rigidity and then
relaxation.
4.60
Tonic convulsion- Convulsion marked by a persistent firm and violent
muscular contraction.
4.61
Tonic-Clonic convulsion- Both type may appear consecutively.
4.62
Convulsion (Seizures)- Powerful involuntary contraction (altering with
relaxation) of muscles producing aimless movement and contraction of body.
4.63
Opisthotonos- Condition of spasm of the muscles of the back causing the
head and lower limbs to bend forward and trunk to arch forward.
4.64
Paralysis- Complete or partial loss of motor or sensory functions.
4.65
Spastic paralysis- Paralysis with increased muscular tone.
4.66
Flaccid paralysis- Paralysis with loss of muscular tone.
4.67
Abdominal breathing- Breathing by diaphragm, greater deflection of abdomen upon
inspiration.
4.68
Dyspnoea- Abnormally difficult or labored breathing.
4.69
Gasping- Convulsive catching of breath with wide open mouth.
4.70
Cyanosis- Bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membrane.
4.71
Tachypnoea- Quick and usually shallow respiration
4.72
Nasal discharge- Discharge from nose.
4.73
Snuffle- Respiratory noise produced by mucosal swelling or
accumulation of exudates.
4.74
Lacrimation- The excessive secretion of lacrimal gland.
4.75
Chromodacryorrhoea- Red tears. The eyelids may be smeared with red
pigment/porphyrin.
4.76
Miosis- Contraction of pupils regardless of presence or absence of
light.
4.77
Mydriasis- Dilation of pupils regardless of presence or absence of
light.
4.78
Exophthalmos- abnormal protrusion of eye ball.
4.79
Ptosis- Dropping of upper eye lid.
4.80
Cataract- Opacity of lens.
4.81
Corneal opacity- An opaque spot or area on cornea.
4.82
Conjunctivitis- Inflammation of mucous membrane of conjunctiva.
4.83
Chemosis- Edema or swelling of the conjunctiva around the cornea.
4.84
Prolapse- Protrusion or descent of an organ or part of it from its
normal location.
4.85
Diarrrhoea- Abnormal frequent passage of loss of stools.
4.86
Polyuria- Excessive secretion and discharge of urine.
4.87
Piloerection- Contraction of erectile tissue of hair follicle resulting
in rough hair.
4.88
Anuria- Absence of urinary secretion.
4.89
Dysurea- Difficult or painful urination.
4.90
Pyuria- Pus in the urine.
4.91
Incontinence- Constant dribbling of urine due to less voluntary control
over urination.
4.92
Writhing- Twisting, squiring, contorted motion and often indicate
pain or distress.
4.93
Weight loss- Abrupt, significant reduction in body weight.
4.94
Anorexia- Loss of appetite.
4.95
Hyperthermia- Increased in the body temperature.
4.96
Hypothermia- Decrease in body temperature.
4.97
Haematuria- Blood in the urine.
4.98
Haemorrhage- An escape of blood from the blood vessels.
5.0 PROCEDURE:
5.1 The animals were checked every day for any
illness or injury.
5.2 The
animal care personnel accompanied with Veterinarian gave a thorough check up to
the animals.
5.3 In case of any clinical symptom, immediate
action was taken.
6.0 PRECAUTIONS:
6.1 The animals should never be left unattended.
6.2 Regular check-up of the animals should be done
from time to time.
6.3 The animals should be thoroughly checked for any
symptom which could be alarming or harming.
7.0 REFERENCES:
7.1 Klement
P, del Nido PJ, Mickleborough L, MacKay C, Klement G, Wilson GJ. Techniques and
postoperative management for successful cardiopulmonary bypass and open-heart
surgery in dogs. JAVMA. 1987;190:869–874. [PubMed]
7.2 Kohn DF,
Martin TE, Foley PL, Morris TH, Swindle MM, Vogler GA, Wixson SK. Public
statement: Guidelines for the assessment and management of pain in rodents and
rabbits. JAALAS. 2007;46:97–108.[PubMed]
7.3 Kona-Boun
JJ, Silim A, Troncy E. Immunologic aspects of veterinary anesthesia and
analgesia. JAVMA.2005;226:355–363. [PubMed]
7.4 Kuhlman
SM. Principles of anesthesia monitoring: Introduction. J Invest
Surg. 2008;21:161–162.
7.5 Landi
MS, Kreider JW, Lang CM, Bullock LP. Effects of shipping on the immune function
in mice. Am J Vet Res. 1982;43:1654–1657. [PubMed]
END OF THE DOCUMENT
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